{"id":47734,"date":"2024-04-06T01:08:56","date_gmt":"2024-04-05T23:08:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/non-classifiee\/tekave-organicke-latky-voc-dopady-a-rizeni-v-prumyslu\/"},"modified":"2025-04-15T11:25:07","modified_gmt":"2025-04-15T09:25:07","slug":"composes-organiques-volatiles-cov-impacts-gestion-industrie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/nase-rady\/composes-organiques-volatiles-cov-impacts-gestion-industrie\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (VOC): dopady a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v pr\u016fmyslu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>V pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m are\u00e1lu jsou t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny (VOC)<strong> sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed<\/strong>, a to jak v interi\u00e9ru, tak ve venkovn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Pojem VOC zahrnuje \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek.   <\/p>\n\n<p>Co maj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9ho? Skl\u00e1daj\u00ed se z uhl\u00edku a vod\u00edku a za okoln\u00edch podm\u00ednek jsou bu\u010f v plynn\u00e9, nebo v kapaln\u00e9 f\u00e1zi, kter\u00e1 se snadno odpa\u0159uje. VOC maj\u00ed vliv na kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, co\u017e m\u00e1 d\u016fsledky pro lidsk\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed, \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Proto jsou ofici\u00e1ln\u011b definov\u00e1ny na evropsk\u00e9 \u00farovni a p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1ny na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni. Znalost fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edch a chemick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ijmout vhodn\u00e1 preventivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed. Zde je<strong> stru\u010dn\u00fd p\u0159ehled<\/strong>, kter\u00fd v\u00e1s sezn\u00e1m\u00ed s fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edmi a chemick\u00fdmi vlastnostmi t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vliv na kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.     <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed definice t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/design-sans-titre-8-1-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"design bez n&#xE1;zvu 8 1\" class=\"wp-image-30144\" style=\"width:382px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/design-sans-titre-8-1-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/design-sans-titre-8-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/design-sans-titre-8-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/design-sans-titre-8-1-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/design-sans-titre-8-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>\u010cl\u00e1nek 2, \u00a7 16 a \u00a7 17 sm\u011brnice Rady 1999\/13\/ES ze dne 11. b\u0159ezna 1999 o <em>omezov\u00e1n\u00ed emis\u00ed t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch slou\u010denin vznikaj\u00edc\u00edch<a href=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/nase-rady\/cov-aspiration-vapeurs-solvants\/\">p\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed organick\u00fdch rozpou\u0161t\u011bdel <\/a>p\u0159i n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010dinnostech a v n\u011bkter\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch<\/em> uv\u00e1d\u00ed tyto dv\u011b definice:<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Organick\u00e1 slou\u010denina:<\/strong> &#8222;jak\u00e1koli slou\u010denina, kter\u00e1 s v\u00fdjimkou methanu obsahuje uhl\u00edk a vod\u00edk, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt nahrazeny jin\u00fdmi atomy, jako jsou halogeny (nap\u0159 <em>. fluor, chlor, brom, j\u00f3d)<\/em>, kysl\u00edk, s\u00edra, dus\u00edk nebo fosfor, s v\u00fdjimkou oxid\u016f uhl\u00edku <em>(nap\u0159. CO<\/em><em><sub>2<\/sub><\/em>) a uhli\u010ditan\u016f (<em>nap\u0159.: CO<\/em><em><sub>3<\/sub><\/em><em><sup>2-<\/sup><\/em>) a hydrogenuhli\u010ditany<em>(nap\u0159. HCO<\/em><em><sub>3<\/sub><\/em><em><sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/em>) <strong>.<\/strong> &#8220;  <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>T\u011bkav\u00e1 organick\u00e1 slou\u010denina (VOC) <\/strong>: jak\u00e1koli organick\u00e1 slou\u010denina s tlakem par 0,01 kPa nebo vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm p\u0159i teplot\u011b 293,15 K<em>(20 \u00b0C)<\/em> nebo s odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u011bkavost\u00ed za konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch podm\u00ednek pou\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n<p>Sm\u011brnice byla p\u0159evedena do francouzsk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va v \u010dl\u00e1nku R224-48 z\u00e1kon\u00edku o \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Definuje VOC jako &#8222;jakoukoli organickou slou\u010deninu, jej\u00ed\u017e po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed bod varu m\u011b\u0159en\u00fd p\u0159i standardn\u00edm tlaku 101,3 kPa je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed nebo roven 250 \u00b0C&#8220;.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">L\u00e9taj\u00ed? Ano, ale v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b! Fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed klasifikace t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek<\/h2>\n\n<p>Abychom pochopili<strong> rozsah emis\u00ed t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9<\/strong> ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed kvalitu vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, mus\u00edme zn\u00e1t jejich koncentraci. K tomu n\u00e1m slou\u017e\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed charakteristika: t\u011bkavost. <\/p>\n\n<p>T\u011bkavost je schopnost l\u00e1tky vypa\u0159ovat se p\u0159i okoln\u00ed teplot\u011b a tlaku.  <\/p>\n\n<p>T\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jsou t\u011bkav\u00e9, ale v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b t\u011bkav\u00e9. Proto\u017ee t\u011bkavost t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek z\u00e1vis\u00ed na jejich tlaku par, lze jako <strong>klasifika\u010dn\u00ed krit\u00e9rium<\/strong> pou\u017e\u00edt efektivn\u00ed koncentraci nasycen\u00ed ???????? (v \u00b5g<sup>.m-3<\/sup>). T\u011bkavost se tak\u00e9 sni\u017euje s rostouc\u00ed molekulovou hmotnost\u00ed t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek. LZO lze tak\u00e9 klasifikovat podle po\u010dtu atom\u016f uhl\u00edku v jejich struktu\u0159e.    <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>volatilita k nevolatilit\u011b<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>po\u010det atom\u016f uhl\u00edku<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>efektivn\u00ed koncentrace nasycen\u00ed <\/strong><strong>????????<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>VOC Velmi t\u011bkav\u00e9 a\u017e t\u011bkav\u00e9<\/td><td>nb C \u2264 11<\/td><td>&gt;???????? <sup>106 \u03bcg <\/sup><sup>.m-3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>VOC-IVolatility Intermediate<\/td><td>12 \u2264 nb C \u2264 18<\/td><td>&lt; 1<sup>03<\/sup> \u03bcg<sup>.m-3<\/sup>???????? \u2264 <sup>106<\/sup> \u03bcg<sup>.m-3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>COSVSemi Volatil<\/td><td>18 &lt; nb C \u2264 32<\/td><td>&lt; 1<sup>0-1<\/sup> \u03bcg<sup>.m-3<\/sup>???????? \u2264 <sup>103<\/sup> \u03bcg<sup>.m-3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>CONV Net\u011bkav\u00e9 p\u0159i pokojov\u00e9 teplot\u011b (\u010d\u00e1stice)<\/td><td>nb C &gt; 32<\/td><td>&lt;???????? <sup> 10-1<\/sup> \u03bcg<sup>.m-3<\/sup><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<p>Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee net\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny se p\u0159i teplot\u011b okol\u00ed (NVOCC) odpa\u0159uj\u00ed za specifick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek pou\u017eit\u00ed, v <a href=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/nase-rada\/tekave-organicke-latky-v-prumyslovych-procesech-ktera-strategie-zmirnovani-emisi\/\">souvislosti s pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi procesy<\/a> nebo v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b hav\u00e1rie (po\u017e\u00e1r, v\u00fdbuch).<\/p>\n\n<p>Jin\u00e1 klasifikace t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek bere jako krit\u00e9rium teplotu varu.  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Volatilita  <\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Teplota varu<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Vysoce t\u011bkav\u00e9  <\/td><td>&lt; (50 &#8211; 100 \u00b0C)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>T\u011bkav\u00e9<\/td><td>(50 &#8211; 100 \u00b0C) a\u017e (240 &#8211; 260 \u00b0C)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Polot\u011bkav\u00e9  <\/td><td>(240 &#8211; 260 \u00b0C) a\u017e (380 &#8211; 400 \u00b0C)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky a pachy<\/h2>\n\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jsou bez z\u00e1pachu (butan, propan). Ostatn\u00ed t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky mohou m\u00edt v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b charakteristick\u00fd z\u00e1pach. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vonn\u00e9 jsou slou\u010deniny s\u00edry, aminy, kysl\u00edkat\u00e9 slou\u010deniny (ketony, aldehydy) a n\u011bkter\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny.  <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klasifikace t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek podle jejich chemick\u00e9 struktury<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>T\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky jsou rozs\u00e1hlou skupinou chemick\u00fdch slou\u010denin<\/strong> s \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lou struktur a vlastnost\u00ed. Do t\u00e9to t\u0159\u00eddy je sdru\u017euje jejich spole\u010dn\u00fd dopad jako zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, vod\u011b a p\u016fd\u011b. Jejich struktura, a zejm\u00e9na p\u0159\u00edtomnost jin\u00fdch skupin atom\u016f ne\u017e C a H, v\u0161ak ovliv\u0148uje jejich chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti, a t\u00edm i<strong> jejich toxicitu pro<\/strong> \u010dlov\u011bka a p\u0159\u00edrodu, a tedy i jejich ekonomick\u00fd dopad.    <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed krit\u00e9ria VOC<\/h3>\n\n<p>VOC se rozli\u0161uj\u00ed podle n\u011bkolika nevylu\u010duj\u00edc\u00edch se strukturn\u00edch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k povaze a m\u00ed\u0159e jejich zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed:  <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>cyklick\u00e9<\/strong><em>(\u0159et\u011bzec atom\u016f uhl\u00edku uzav\u00edraj\u00edc\u00ed se do kruhu<\/em>) versus <strong>necyklick\u00e9<\/strong><em>(neuzav\u0159en\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec uhl\u00edku<\/em>, <em>atomy C se spojuj\u00ed line\u00e1rn\u011b<\/em>);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>aromatick\u00e9<\/strong><em>(specifick\u00fd \u0161estihrann\u00fd uhl\u00edkov\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako benzenov\u00fd kruh, tvo\u0159en\u00fd 6 atomy uhl\u00edku, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd je spojen s atomem vod\u00edku<\/em>) versus <strong>nearomatick\u00e9<\/strong><em>(\u0159et\u011bzec bez t\u00e9to speci\u00e1ln\u00ed konfigurace<\/em>);  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>monocyklick\u00e9<\/strong><em>(jeden cyklick\u00fd uhl\u00edkov\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec<\/em>) versus <strong>polycyklick\u00e9<\/strong><em>(n\u011bkolik stejn\u00fdch kruh\u016f spojen\u00fdch jedn\u00edm nebo dv\u011bma spole\u010dn\u00fdmi atomy uhl\u00edku<\/em>).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>homocyklick\u00e9<\/strong><em>(kruh tvo\u0159en\u00fd pouze C)<\/em> versus <strong>heterocyklick\u00e9<\/strong><em>(kruh obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed uhl\u00edk a dal\u0161\u00ed atomy nahrazuj\u00edc\u00ed uhl\u00edk<\/em>);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>nasycen\u00e9<\/strong><em>(p\u0159\u00edtomnost pouze<\/em> <em>jednoduch\u00fdch uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch vazeb<\/em>) versus <strong>nenasycen\u00e9<\/strong><em>(dvojit\u00e9 nebo trojit\u00e9 uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 vazby<\/em>). Nenasycenost zvy\u0161uje reaktivitu t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, co\u017e m\u00e1 vliv na jejich toxicitu. V\u0161echny aromatick\u00e9 struktury jsou nenasycen\u00e9.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>nerozv\u011btven\u00fd <\/strong>versus<strong> rozv\u011btven\u00fd<\/strong><em>(hlavn\u00ed uhl\u00edkov\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec m\u00e1 jednu nebo v\u00edce v\u011btv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou tvo\u0159eny bu\u010f pouze skupinami atom\u016f C a H, nebo obsahuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed atomy, kter\u00e9 jim pak dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed charakteristickou reaktivitu [funk\u010dn\u00ed skupinu]).<\/em> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Klasifikace t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek<\/h3>\n\n<p>Existuj\u00ed dv\u011b hlavn\u00ed kategorie VOC: <strong>aromatick\u00e9 VOC<\/strong> a <strong>alifatick\u00e9<\/strong> (nearomatick\u00e9) <strong>VOC<\/strong>.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed kostru <strong>aromatick\u00fdch<\/strong> t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek tvo\u0159\u00ed benzenov\u00fd <strong>kruh <\/strong>. Lze je rozd\u011blit do n\u011bkolika podkategori\u00ed: <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong> Monocyklick\u00e9<\/strong> aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky, v\u010detn\u011b BTEX (zkratka pro benzen, toluen, etylbenzen, xylen), kter\u00e9 jsou toxick\u00e9 a ekotoxick\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>polycyklick\u00e9<\/strong> aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky (PAU), kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed karcinogenn\u00ed vlastnosti. Syntetizuj\u00ed se p\u0159i vzniku fosiln\u00edch paliv (ropa, uhl\u00ed) nebo p\u0159i nedokonal\u00e9m spalov\u00e1n\u00ed organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek (topen\u00ed olejem, lesn\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ry atd.). <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>aromatick\u00e9 <strong>heterocyklick\u00e9<\/strong> slou\u010deniny nebo aromatick\u00e9 heterocykly, ve kter\u00fdch je jeden nebo v\u00edce atom\u016f C benzenov\u00e9ho kruhu substituov\u00e1no jin\u00fdmi atomy (nebo skupinami atom\u016f), jako jsou atomy uveden\u00e9 v definici v\u00fd\u0161e.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Alifatick\u00e9 <\/strong> t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (=<strong> nearomatick\u00e9<\/strong> t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky) zahrnuj\u00ed molekuly s :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>nasycen\u00e9<\/strong>: <strong>alkany <\/strong>; nap\u0159\u00edklad hexan <sub>C6H14 <\/sub>, kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v lepidlech, lepidlech a odma\u0161\u0165ovac\u00edch kapalin\u00e1ch, je obsa\u017een v benzinov\u00fdch v\u00fdparech. Do organismu m\u016f\u017ee pronikat d\u00fdchac\u00edmi cestami a perkut\u00e1nn\u00ed cestou. \u00da\u010dinky vdechnut\u00ed sahaj\u00ed od z\u00e1vrat\u00ed a\u017e po ztr\u00e1tu v\u011bdom\u00ed. Styk s k\u016f\u017e\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje dermatitidu.   <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>insatur\u00e9e<\/strong> aux propri\u00e9t\u00e9s plus polluantes&nbsp;:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>alkeny<\/strong> (dvojit\u00e1 uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 vazba); p\u0159\u00edklad: ethylen <sub>C2H4<\/sub> uvol\u0148ovan\u00fd v\u011bt\u0161inou ovoce a zeleniny jako zraj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e1tka, uvol\u0148ovan\u00fd v\u00fdfukov\u00fdmi plyny, vysokozdvi\u017en\u00fdmi voz\u00edky poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdmi propanem a plastov\u00fdmi s\u00e1\u010dky p\u016fsoben\u00edm sv\u011btla. P\u0159i vdechov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobovat z\u00e1vrat\u011b, bolesti hlavy a ztr\u00e1tu v\u011bdom\u00ed a p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke sklen\u00edkov\u00e9mu efektu;   <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><sub> <\/sub> a <strong>lkyny<\/strong> (trojn\u00e1 vazba uhl\u00edku); p\u0159\u00edklad: ethyny nebo acetylen<sub>C2H2<\/sub><sub>; <\/sub> extr\u00e9mn\u011b ho\u0159lav\u00fd a v\u00fdbu\u0161n\u00fd, pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se jako palivo pro sva\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo v n\u011bkter\u00fdch analytick\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Alkany, alkeny a alkyny<\/strong> tak\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed struktury :  <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>non-cycliques,<\/strong> les <strong>aliphatiques acycliques<\/strong>, qui sont constitu\u00e9es de cha\u00eenes&nbsp;:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>nebo line\u00e1rn\u00ed. P\u0159\u00edklad <em>n-hexan<\/em>. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nebo rozv\u011btven\u00e9.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>cycliques (<\/strong>cycles non-aromatiques<strong>)<\/strong>, les <strong>alicycliques<\/strong> (= <strong>ali<\/strong>phatiques <strong>cycliques<\/strong>)&nbsp;: cycloalcanes, cycloalc\u00e8nes, cycloalcynes.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Molekuly mohou zahrnovat n\u011bkolik cykl\u016f\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>bu\u010f spojen\u00e9 dv\u011bma spole\u010dn\u00fdmi atomy uhl\u00edku; p\u0159\u00edklad: polycyklick\u00e9 cykloalkany<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nebo spojen\u00e9 jedn\u00edm spole\u010dn\u00fdm atomem uhl\u00edku: spirany.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kruh m\u016f\u017ee obsahovat i jin\u00e9 atomy ne\u017e uhl\u00edk (heterocyklus).  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kruh m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt rozv\u011btven\u00fd. Nap\u0159\u00edklad metylcyklohexan <sub>(C6H11CH3<\/sub>), kter\u00fd se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako b\u00e1ze pro organickou synt\u00e9zu, jako rozpou\u0161t\u011bdlo ether\u016f a celul\u00f3zy a jako leteck\u00e9 palivo. M\u016f\u017ee po\u0161kodit d\u00fdchac\u00ed cesty, centr\u00e1ln\u00ed nervov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, k\u016f\u017ei a o\u010di.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Pokud m\u00e1 <strong>alifatick\u00e1 nebo aromatick\u00e1 struktura<\/strong> v\u011btev ozna\u010denou jako funk\u010dn\u00ed skupina (skupina atom\u016f, kter\u00e1 j\u00ed d\u00e1v\u00e1 charakteristick\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti), jako jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 deriv\u00e1ty alkan\u016f nebo polycyklick\u00e9 aromatick\u00e9 uhlovod\u00edky, bude m\u00edt VOC specifick\u00fd dopad na <a href=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/nase-rady\/quels-procedes-ameliorent-qualite-air-eliminant-cov\/\">kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed<\/a>. LZO jsou pak za\u0159azeny do ur\u010dit\u00e9 skupiny: <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Halogenovan\u00e9 t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, nap\u0159. chlormethan CH\u2083Cl  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed s\u00edru, nap\u0159. \u03b2-merkaptoetanol <sub>C2H6OS<\/sub>,  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>COV oxyg\u00e9n\u00e9s dont des&nbsp;:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>VOC alkoholy, nap\u0159. ethylenglykol <sub>C2H6O2<\/sub><sub>; <\/sub> pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se jako nemrznouc\u00ed sm\u011bs, rozpou\u0161t\u011bdlo, brzdov\u00e9 kapaliny, barviva atd. Vdechov\u00e1n\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje ka\u0161el a bolesti hlavy, zat\u00edmco po\u017eit\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje bolesti b\u0159icha a nevolnost. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VOC ketony, nap\u0159. aceton <sub>C3H6O<\/sub>, rozpou\u0161t\u011bdlo pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v pr\u016fmyslu barev, lak\u016f, pry\u017ee a plast\u016f atd. Je vysoce t\u011bkav\u00fd a p\u0159i vysok\u00e9 koncentraci v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed jej lze vdechovat ve velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed. P\u0159es pl\u00edce se m\u016f\u017ee dostat do krevn\u00edho ob\u011bhu a \u0161\u00ed\u0159it se po cel\u00e9m t\u011ble. P\u0159\u00edznaky sahaj\u00ed od podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed nosu a\u017e po depresi centr\u00e1ln\u00edho nervov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu.   <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>VOC aldehydy, nap\u0159. formaldehyd <sub>CH2O<\/sub>, kter\u00fd je ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010di men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e emitov\u00e1n ve v\u0161ech pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za karcinogen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00c9tery t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, nap\u0159. ethylenglykol n-butyl\u00e9ter<em>(EGBE<\/em>) <sub>C6H14O2<\/sub>,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ester t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, nap\u0159. methylacet\u00e1t <sub>C3H6O2<\/sub>.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nitro t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, nap\u0159. nitroethan <sub>C2H5NO2<\/sub>, dr\u00e1\u017ed\u00ed d\u00fdchac\u00ed cesty, mohou m\u011bnit krev a zp\u016fsobovat k\u0159e\u010de.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aminol\u00e1tky, jako je anilin, kter\u00e9 se snadno adsorbuj\u00ed na pracovn\u00ed od\u011bv, st\u011bny, stroje a pracovn\u00ed desky.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Definici t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek spl\u0148uje n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc l\u00e1tek<\/strong>. Ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed kvalitu ovzdu\u0161\u00ed ve v\u0161ech pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch odv\u011btv\u00edch. Znalost jejich vlastnost\u00ed n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje pochopit, jak reaguj\u00ed s plyny a prachem v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed v pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m are\u00e1lu. Pot\u00e9 lze p\u0159ijmout preventivn\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00e1 jejich chemick\u00e9mu slo\u017een\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o zachycov\u00e1n\u00ed u zdroje, filtraci a \u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed.   <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m are\u00e1lu jsou t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny (VOC) sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, a to jak v interi\u00e9ru, tak ve venkovn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Pojem t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky zahrnuje \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek.  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":81982,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"T\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky (VOC): dopady a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed","_seopress_titles_desc":"V pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m are\u00e1lu jsou t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny (VOC) sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed zne\u010di\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch l\u00e1tek v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, a to jak v interi\u00e9ru, tak ve venkovn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Pojem t\u011bkav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky zahrnuje \u0161irokou \u0161k\u00e1lu chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[310],"tags":[113],"class_list":["post-47734","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nase-rady","tag-entete-male","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50","no-featured-image-padding","resize-featured-image"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47734","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47734"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47734\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":82630,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/47734\/revisions\/82630"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81982"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47734"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=47734"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=47734"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}