{"id":39891,"date":"2024-09-06T11:35:17","date_gmt":"2024-09-06T09:35:17","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-12-08T13:23:31","modified_gmt":"2025-12-08T11:23:31","slug":"transformation-adiabatique-reversible","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/el\/%ce%b7-%cf%83%cf%85%ce%bc%ce%b2%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%bb%ce%ae-%ce%bc%ce%b1%cf%82\/transformation-adiabatique-reversible\/","title":{"rendered":"\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2;"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u039f <strong>\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/strong> <strong>\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 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\u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf.  <\/p>\n\n<p>\u039f<strong> \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2,<\/strong> \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae, \u03b7 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7 \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2;<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u039f\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/h4>\n\n<p>\u0388\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 (\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf. \u039c\u03b5 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c6\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9, \u03b5\u03ac\u03bd \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03af, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/h4>\n\n<p>\u039d\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2: \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0397\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/strong>: \u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c1\u03b3\u03ac, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u03a0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1<\/strong>: \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8&#8217; \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1. \u03a5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03ce\u03bd, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03cd\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8&#8217; \u03cc\u03bb\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0399\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2<\/strong>: \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2, \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae S=0.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u039f\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0393\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0394\u03b5\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2: dQ=0<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd: dS=0<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0397 \u03b5\u03be\u03af\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc <a href=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/el\/%ce%b7-%cf%83%cf%85%ce%bc%ce%b2%ce%bf%cf%85%ce%bb%ce%ae-%ce%bc%ce%b1%cf%82\/comprendre-systeme-adiabatique-fonctionnement-applications\/\">\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc<\/a> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9: dU = -PdV<\/p>\n\n<p>  \u03bc\u03b5 :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>U \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 ,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>P \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 ,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u03a4\u03bf Q \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 ,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03af\u03b1 ,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c6\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae<\/strong>, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2: dU = Cv dT<\/p>\n\n<p>\u03bc\u03b5 :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cv \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf ,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dT \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>\u039f \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03c2 : Cv dT = -P dV<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0395\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 Laplace<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 Laplace \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ae\u03c2. <\/strong>\u0395\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03be\u03ae\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">PV = \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">TV-1 = \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">TP(1-\/) = \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac<\/p>\n\n<p>\u039c\u03b5 (\u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 Laplace), \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd, \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 = CpCv.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u03bc\u03b5 :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cv \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf ,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cp \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0388\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03b5 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u038c\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03be\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (Vf&gt;Vi), \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd. \u03a3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf &#8220;\u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9&#8221; \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5. \u0397 \u03ad\u03ba\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc:<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">W= PiVi-PfVf-1<\/p>\n\n<p>\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pi \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Vi \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Vf \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03ad\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (\u03bf \u03cc\u03b3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, Vf<vi un=\"\" travail=\"\" est=\"\" effectu=\"\" sur=\"\" le=\"\" gaz=\"\" par=\"\" l=\"\" toujours=\"\" consid=\"\" comme=\"\" positif=\"\" dans=\"\" ce=\"\" cas=\"\" car=\"\" de=\"\" au=\"\" pour=\"\" comprimer.=\"\" du=\"\" devient=\"\" :=\"\"><\/vi><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">W= PfVf-PiVi-1<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd  <\/h2>\n\n<p>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b7 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ce\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c4\u03bc\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2. \u03a0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ae \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bf\u03b9 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ce\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2:<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0398\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9  <\/h3>\n\n<p>\u039f \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 Carnot, \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2<\/strong> \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2<\/strong> (\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7) \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 (\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1).<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03b2\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u03a3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b9\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c9\u03c2 <strong>\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c8\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 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