{"id":39792,"date":"2024-07-17T10:11:28","date_gmt":"2024-07-17T08:11:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/non-classifiee\/adiabatiskas-sistemas-izpratne-darbiba-un-lietojumi\/"},"modified":"2025-04-15T10:14:15","modified_gmt":"2025-04-15T08:14:15","slug":"comprendre-systeme-adiabatique-fonctionnement-applications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/musu-padoms\/comprendre-systeme-adiabatique-fonctionnement-applications\/","title":{"rendered":"Adiab\u0101tisk\u0101s sist\u0113mas izpratne: darb\u012bba un lietojumi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Adiab\u0101tiskajai sist\u0113mai<\/strong> ir liela noz\u012bme r\u016bpniec\u012bb\u0101, jo \u012bpa\u0161i sare\u017e\u0123\u012btaj\u0101 tehnisk\u0101s termodinamikas jom\u0101. To raksturo procesi, kuros sist\u0113ma maina savu iek\u0161\u0113jo ener\u0123iju, neveicot siltuma apmai\u0146u ar apk\u0101rt\u0113jo vidi. \u0160aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 apl\u016bkoti pamatprincipi un galvenie vien\u0101dojumi, kas ir \u0161o adiab\u0101tisko p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bbu<\/strong> pamat\u0101, sniedzot prec\u012bzu un padzi\u013cin\u0101tu t\u0101s meh\u0101nikas defin\u012bciju. Turkl\u0101t taj\u0101 uzsv\u0113rti daudzi \u0161\u012b j\u0113dziena praktiski pielietojumi m\u016bsu ikdien\u0101 un da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s darb\u012bbas nozar\u0113s, nodro\u0161inot lab\u0101ku izpratni par \u0161o tematu. Jo \u012bpa\u0161i \u0161aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 ir aprakst\u012bta adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 dzes\u0113t\u0101ja<\/a> galven\u0101 loma gaisa kondicion\u0113\u0161an\u0101 un \u016bdens iztvaiko\u0161anas dzes\u0113\u0161an\u0101, kas ir metode, kuru var efekt\u012bvi izmantot r\u016bpniecisk\u0101s \u0113k\u0101s. <\/p>\n\n

Kas ir adiab\u0101tiska sist\u0113ma<\/strong>? <\/h2>\n\n

Defin\u012bcija <\/h3>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tiska sist\u0113ma<\/strong> ir termodinamisks j\u0113dziens, kur\u0101 sist\u0113ma neveic siltuma apmai\u0146u ar apk\u0101rt\u0113jo vidi. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, t\u0101 ne ieg\u016bst, ne zaud\u0113 siltumener\u0123iju. Termins adiab\u0101tisks c\u0113lies no grie\u0137u v\u0101rda “adiabatos”, kas noz\u012bm\u0113 nep\u0101rvarams, atspogu\u013cojot ideju par barjeru, kurai siltums nevar iziet cauri. <\/p>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tisko sist\u0113mu<\/strong> noz\u012bme, jo \u012bpa\u0161i \u0113ku dzes\u0113\u0161an\u0101 un gaisa kondicion\u0113\u0161an\u0101.<\/h3>\n\n
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Adiab\u0101tiskajai sist\u0113mai<\/strong> ir iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161a noz\u012bme r\u016bpniecisko procesu teor\u0113tiskaj\u0101 izstr\u0101d\u0113 un uzlabo\u0161an\u0101. T\u0101 veicina m\u016bsu izpratni par termodinamikas un fizikas pamatprincipiem. To izmanto visda\u017e\u0101d\u0101kaj\u0101s jom\u0101s, s\u0101kot no sp\u0113kstacij\u0101m un automobi\u013cu dzin\u0113jiem un beidzot ar kvantu meh\u0101niku un astrofiziku. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Adiab\u0101tisko sist\u0113mu <\/strong>pla\u0161i izmanto ar\u012b telpu dzes\u0113\u0161anai un gaisa kondicion\u0113\u0161anai. \u016adens iztvaiko\u0161anas dzes\u0113\u0161ana ir efekt\u012bva metode \u0113ku dzes\u0113\u0161anai. \u0160aj\u0101 dzes\u0113\u0161anas proces\u0101 izmanto \u012bpa\u0161us siltummai\u0146us, kuros \u016bdens iztvaiko, absorb\u0113jot siltumu no apk\u0101rt\u0113j\u0101 gaisa, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di pazeminot temperat\u016bru bez ener\u0123ijas ietilp\u012bgiem kompresoriem vai aukstuma\u0123enta. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

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\"Termometrs<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

Termodinamikas pamatj\u0113dzieni<\/h2>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 procesa <\/strong> vien\u0101dojums <\/h3>\n\n

Adiabata vien\u0101dojums <\/strong>ir atvasin\u0101ts no termodinamikas likumiem un ide\u0101lo g\u0101zu \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m. \u0160\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 to ieg\u016bst: <\/p>\n\n

1. Pirmais termodinamikas princips adiab\u0101tiskai sist\u0113mai<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n

Pirmais termodinamikas princips ir \u0161\u0101ds: U=Q-W<\/em>, kur U ir termodinamisk\u0101s sist\u0113mas iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 ener\u0123ija, Q ir siltums, kas apmain\u0101s starp sist\u0113mu un t\u0101s vidi, un W ir meh\u0101niskais darbs, ko sist\u0113ma veic ar vidi vai otr\u0101di.<\/p>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tiska procesa<\/strong> gad\u012bjum\u0101 siltuma p\u0101rnese nenotiek (Q=0): U= -W<\/em><\/p>\n\n

2. Ide\u0101l\u0101 g\u0101ze un adiab\u0101tiska sist\u0113ma<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n

Darbs W, ko ide\u0101la g\u0101ze veic izple\u0161an\u0101s vai saspie\u0161anas laik\u0101, ir dots ar :<\/p>\n\n

W = P dV<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Izmantojot ide\u0101l\u0101s g\u0101zes st\u0101vok\u013ca vien\u0101dojumu (PV= nRT), P var aizst\u0101t ar P= nRTV<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Turkl\u0101t iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s ener\u0123ijas izmai\u0146as var izteikt \u0161\u0101di: U= nCvT <\/em> <\/p>\n\n

kur n ir molu skaits, R ir univers\u0101l\u0101 konstante ide\u0101laj\u0101m g\u0101z\u0113m, <\/strong>Cv ir mol\u0101r\u0101 siltumietilp\u012bba pie nemain\u012bga tilpuma un T ir temperat\u016bras izmai\u0146as.<\/p>\n\n

3. Vien\u0101dojumu apvieno\u0161ana<\/h4>\n\n

Apvienojot visus \u0161os vien\u0101dojumus, ieg\u016bstam :<\/p>\n\n

n Cv dT = -nRT dVVV<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Lai vienk\u0101r\u0161otu :<\/p>\n\n

dTT = -RCvdVV<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Apvienot abas \u0161\u012b vien\u0101dojuma puses:<\/p>\n\n

dTT=-RCv dVV <\/em><\/p>\n\n

Integr\u0101li dod :<\/p>\n\n

ln T + RCv lnV = konstanta<\/em><\/p>\n\n

Izmantojot sakar\u012bbu = CpCv un R = Cp-Cv, m\u0113s varam izteikt RCv = -1.<\/em> <\/p>\n\n

Ieg\u016bstam, TV-1 = konstanta<\/em><\/p>\n\n

4. Adiab\u0101tisk\u0101s transform\u0101cijas<\/strong> vien\u0101dojums<\/h4>\n\n

Izmantojot ide\u0101l\u0101s g\u0101zes st\u0101vok\u013ca vien\u0101dojumu un aizst\u0101jot to ar T, ieg\u016bstam adiab\u0101tiskas sist\u0113mas pamatvien\u0101dojumu<\/strong>: PV = konstante.<\/p>\n\n

kur : P un V ir attiec\u012bgi g\u0101zes spiediens un tilpums, ir siltuma ietilp\u012bbas attiec\u012bba, ko sauc ar\u012b par adiab\u0101tisko indeksu<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tiskais vien\u0101dojums<\/strong> apraksta attiec\u012bbu starp spiedienu, tilpumu un temperat\u016bru adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 proces\u0101<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n

K\u0101 darbojas adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 transform\u0101cija<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tiskas sist\u0113mas iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bbas<\/strong> regul\u0113 adiab\u0101tiskais vien\u0101dojums <\/strong>, kas noz\u012bm\u0113 : <\/p>\n\n

Siltumizol\u0101cija adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n

Viens no adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 vien\u0101dojuma<\/strong> nosac\u012bjumiem ir t\u0101ds, ka saska\u0146\u0101 ar pirmo termodinamikas likumu Q=0, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka nenotiek siltumener\u0123ijas apmai\u0146a ar \u0101r\u0113jo vidi. T\u0101p\u0113c adiab\u0101tiska sist\u0113ma<\/strong> ir perfekti termiski izol\u0113ta. <\/p>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tiskas sist\u0113mas<\/strong> iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 ener\u0123ija<\/h4>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101<\/strong> iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 ener\u0123ija (U) main\u0101s tikai k\u0101 reakcija uz meh\u0101nisk\u0101s ener\u0123ijas p\u0101rnesi, g\u0101zei veicot sp\u0113ku darbu (W) vid\u0113. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di jebkuras temperat\u016bras vai spiediena izmai\u0146as adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101<\/strong> rodas galvenok\u0101rt no iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101m p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, tilpuma izmai\u0146\u0101m un da\u013ci\u0146u ener\u0123ijas sadal\u012bjuma izmai\u0146\u0101m. <\/p>\n\n

Kompresija un adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 izple\u0161an\u0101s <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tiskas sist\u0113mas<\/strong> iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bbas, piem\u0113ram, saspie\u0161anu un izple\u0161anos, regul\u0113 \u0161\u0101di lielumi. <\/strong>vien\u0101dojums <\/strong>P<\/strong>V<\/strong> <\/strong>= konstanta<\/strong>. Piem\u0113ram, kad sist\u0113ma tiek pak\u013cauta adiab\u0101tiskai kompresijai<\/strong>, tilpums samazin\u0101s un spiediens palielin\u0101s, lai saglab\u0101tu adiab\u0101tisko konstanti<\/strong>. \u0160\u012bs iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s spiediena un tilpuma izmai\u0146as neietver siltuma apmai\u0146u ar \u0101rpasauli, par\u0101dot, k\u0101 siltumizol\u0101cija \u013cauj sist\u0113mai veikt iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s temperat\u016bras, tilpuma vai spiediena izmai\u0146as bez \u0101r\u0113jas ietekmes. <\/p>\n\n

Adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 procesa<\/strong> darb\u012bbas piem\u0113ri<\/h3>\n\n

Lai to viegl\u0101k izprastu, \u0161eit ir sniegti tr\u012bs vienk\u0101r\u0161i piem\u0113ri, kas ikdien\u0101 sastopami k\u0101 adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 procesa <\/strong> rezult\u0101ts:<\/p>\n\n

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\"3<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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