{"id":39879,"date":"2024-09-06T11:35:17","date_gmt":"2024-09-06T09:35:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/non-classifiee\/kas-ir-atgriezeniska-adiabatiska-transformacija\/"},"modified":"2025-04-15T09:41:48","modified_gmt":"2025-04-15T07:41:48","slug":"transformation-adiabatique-reversible","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/musu-padoms\/transformation-adiabatique-reversible\/","title":{"rendered":"Kas ir atgriezeniska adiab\u0101tiska transform\u0101cija?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Atgriezenisk\u0101 adiab\u0101tisk\u0101<\/strong> <strong>transform\u0101cija<\/strong> ir idealiz\u0113ts termodinamisks process, kam ir galven\u0101 noz\u012bme ener\u0123ijas sist\u0113mu anal\u012bz\u0113. Izsl\u0113dzot jebk\u0101du siltuma p\u0101rnesi ar \u0101rpasauli, \u0161o p\u0101rveidi regul\u0113 tikai termodinamikas likumi un st\u0101vok\u013ca vien\u0101dojumi. T\u0101 ir \u012bpa\u0161i labi aprakst\u012bta un piem\u0113rota ide\u0101lo g\u0101zu gad\u012bjum\u0101. K\u0101das ir \u0161\u012bs adiab\u0101tisk\u0101s p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bbas \u012bpatn\u012bbas? K\u0101di matem\u0101tiskie vien\u0101dojumi nosaka t\u0101s uzved\u012bbu? Un k\u0101di ir <strong>adiab\u0101tisk\u0101s atgriezeniskuma <\/strong>praktiskie pielietojumi siltuma un motoru sist\u0113m\u0101s?     <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defin\u012bcija un pamatprincipi<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"760\" height=\"647\" src=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/thermodynamique.png\" alt=\"Termometrs ar vienu bulti&#x146;u uz aug&#x161;u un otru uz leju\" class=\"wp-image-33976\" style=\"width:329px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/thermodynamique.png 760w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/thermodynamique-300x255.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kas ir adiab\u0101tiska transform\u0101cija?  <\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defin\u012bcija  <\/h4>\n\n<p><strong>Adiab\u0101tiska p\u0101rveide <\/strong>ir termodinamisks process, kur\u0101 nenotiek siltuma apmai\u0146a ar apk\u0101rt\u0113jo vidi, t. i., Q=0, kur Q ir siltuma daudzums, kas apmain\u012bts ar \u0101rpusi. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 termodinamikas pirm\u0101 termodinamikas principa vien\u0101dojums ir vienk\u0101r\u0161ots, un to var izteikt k\u0101 U = W, kur U ir iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s ener\u0123ijas izmai\u0146as un W ir <a href=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/musu-padoms\/adiabatiskie-gaisa-dzesetaji-darbiba-un-prieksrocibas\/\">adiab\u0101tisk\u0101s p\u0101rveido\u0161an\u0101s<\/a> laik\u0101 paveiktais darbs. <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adiab\u0101tisk\u0101s transform\u0101cijas raksturojums<\/h4>\n\n<p>Sist\u0113mas iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 ener\u0123ija main\u0101s tikai atkar\u012bb\u0101 no sist\u0113m\u0101 veikt\u0101 darba, bet nenotiek siltuma apmai\u0146a ar \u0101rpasauli.  <\/p>\n\n<p><strong> Adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 transform\u0101cija var b\u016bt atgriezeniska<\/strong>, ja process notiek ide\u0101l\u0101 veid\u0101 bez ener\u0123ijas izkliedes, vai neatgriezeniska, ja past\u0101v t\u0101das par\u0101d\u012bbas k\u0101 berze, turbulence vai citi izkliedes veidi.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kas ir atgriezeniska adiab\u0101tiska transform\u0101cija?<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Defin\u012bcija<\/h4>\n\n<p><strong>Atgriezeniska adiab\u0101tiska p\u0101rveide <\/strong>ir termodinamisks process, kur\u0101 sist\u0113ma att\u012bst\u0101s, nenotiekot siltuma apmai\u0146ai ar apk\u0101rt\u0113jo vidi (adiab\u0101tiska), un kur\u0101 katrs procesa posms ir piln\u012bgi atgriezenisks. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, sist\u0113ma var atgriezties s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 st\u0101vokl\u012b, neatst\u0101jot palieko\u0161as izmai\u0146as ne pa\u0161\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101, ne t\u0101s vid\u0113. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka, ja process tiek apgriezts, sist\u0113ma un t\u0101s vide atgrie\u017eas tie\u0161i iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 st\u0101vokl\u012b bez jebk\u0101das ener\u0123ijas izkliedes vai neatgriezenisk\u0101m izmai\u0146\u0101m.  <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Atgriezeniskas adiab\u0101tiskas transform\u0101cijas raksturojums<\/h4>\n\n<p>Ener\u0123ijas saglab\u0101\u0161anas likums: sist\u0113mas iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 ener\u0123ija main\u0101s tikai atkar\u012bb\u0101 no sist\u0113m\u0101 veikt\u0101 darba, nenotiek siltuma apmai\u0146a ar \u0101rpasauli.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Kvazi-statisks process<\/strong>: transform\u0101cija notiek l\u0113ni, \u013caujot sist\u0113mai iziet cauri vair\u0101kiem sec\u012bgiem l\u012bdzsvara st\u0101vok\u013ciem. T\u0101 ir bezgal\u012bgi mazu darb\u012bbu virkne, nevis p\u0113k\u0161\u0146a, strauja transform\u0101cija.   <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Termodinamiskais l\u012bdzsvars<\/strong>: visa procesa laik\u0101 sist\u0113ma atrodas termodinamisk\u0101 l\u012bdzsvar\u0101. Starp intens\u012bvajiem lielumiem, piem\u0113ram, spiedienu un temperat\u016bru, past\u0101v nep\u0101rtraukt\u012bba, kas nodro\u0161ina, ka sist\u0113ma ir iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 un \u0101r\u0113j\u0101 l\u012bdzsvar\u0101 vis\u0101 transform\u0101cijas laik\u0101. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Izentropiska transform\u0101cija<\/strong>: t\u0101 k\u0101 process ir atgriezenisks un taj\u0101 nav disipat\u012bvu par\u0101d\u012bbu, to sauc par izentropisku. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka entropija nerodas, un kop\u0113j\u0101 entropija transform\u0101cijas laik\u0101 nemain\u0101s, t. i., S=0. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Attiec\u012bgie vien\u0101dojumi atgriezeniskai adiab\u0101tiskai transform\u0101cijai<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s attiec\u012bbas<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>Atgriezeniskai adiab\u0101tiskai p\u0101rveido\u0161anai<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n<p>Siltuma p\u0101rnese nenotiek: dQ=0<\/p>\n\n<p>Entropijas izmai\u0146as ir nulle: dS=0<\/p>\n\n<p>Pirm\u0101 termodinamikas likuma vien\u0101dojums atgriezeniskai <a href=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/musu-padoms\/comprendre-systeme-adiabatique-fonctionnement-applications\/\">adiab\u0101tiskai<\/a> p\u0101rveido\u0161anai ir: dU = -PdV<\/p>\n\n<p>  ar :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>U ir iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 ener\u0123ija ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>P ir spiediens ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q ir siltumapmai\u0146a;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>S ir entropija ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V ir tilpums.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Perfektas g\u0101zes<\/h3>\n\n<p>Piln\u012bgai g\u0101zei, kur\u0101 notiek <strong>atgriezeniska adiab\u0101tiska p\u0101rveido\u0161an\u0101s<\/strong>, iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s ener\u0123ijas izmai\u0146as izsaka \u0161\u0101di: dU = Cv dT<\/p>\n\n<p>ar :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cv ir siltuma ietilp\u012bba pie nemain\u012bga tilpuma ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dT ir temperat\u016bras izmai\u0146as.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di pirmais termodinamikas likums k\u013c\u016bst : Cv dT = -P dV<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Laplasa vien\u0101dojumi<\/h3>\n\n<p>Laplasa vien\u0101dojumi saista perfektas g\u0101zes spiedienu, tilpumu un temperat\u016bru <strong>atgriezeniskas adiab\u0101tiskas p\u0101rveido\u0161an\u0101s <\/strong>laik\u0101. Tos izsaka \u0161\u0101di:<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">PV = konstants<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">TV-1 = konstanta<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">TP(1-\/) = konstanta<\/p>\n\n<p>ar (gamma, ko sauc ar\u012b par adiab\u0101tikas indeksu vai Laplaca koeficientu), kas ir siltuma ietilp\u012bbu attiec\u012bba, ko defin\u0113 k\u0101 = CpCv.<\/p>\n\n<p>ar :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Cv ir siltuma ietilp\u012bba pie nemain\u012bga tilpuma ;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cp ir siltuma ietilp\u012bba pie nemain\u012bga spiediena.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Darba izteik\u0161ana <strong>atgriezeniskos adiab\u0101tiskos<\/strong> apst\u0101k\u013cos<\/h3>\n\n<p>Kad g\u0101ze izple\u0161as, t. i., kad palielin\u0101s t\u0101s tilpums (Vf&gt;Vi), t\u0101 veic darbu \u0101rpus\u0113. \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 darbs ir pozit\u012bvs, jo g\u0101ze &#8220;dod&#8221; ener\u0123iju apk\u0101rt\u0113jai videi. Izteiksme darbam, ko g\u0101zes veic izple\u0161an\u0101s laik\u0101, ir :  <\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">W= PiVi-PfVf-1<\/p>\n\n<p>kur :<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pi un Vi ir s\u0101kotn\u0113jais spiediens un tilpums;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pf un Vf ir gal\u012bgais spiediens un tilpums.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Un otr\u0101di, ja g\u0101ze tiek saspiesta (t\u0101s tilpums samazin\u0101s, Vf<vi un=\"\" travail=\"\" est=\"\" effectu=\"\" sur=\"\" le=\"\" gaz=\"\" par=\"\" l=\"\" toujours=\"\" consid=\"\" comme=\"\" positif=\"\" dans=\"\" ce=\"\" cas=\"\" car=\"\" de=\"\" au=\"\" pour=\"\" comprimer.=\"\" du=\"\" devient=\"\" :=\"\"><\/vi><\/p>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">W= PfVf-PiVi-1<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Lietojumprogrammu piem\u0113ri  <\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>Atgriezenisk\u0101s adiab\u0101tisk\u0101s transform\u0101cijas <\/strong>vien\u0101dojumi ir pla\u0161i izplat\u012bti t\u0101d\u0101s jom\u0101s k\u0101 ener\u0123\u0113tika, g\u0101zu meh\u0101nika un in\u017eenierzin\u0101tnes, k\u0101 ar\u012b atmosf\u0113ras un astrofizikas zin\u0101tn\u0113s. \u0160aj\u0101s discipl\u012bn\u0101s tiem ir iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161a noz\u012bme, jo \u012bpa\u0161i termodinamisk\u0101s sist\u0113m\u0101s, kur m\u0113r\u0137is ir optimiz\u0113t ener\u0123ijas apmai\u0146u. \u0160\u012bs p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bbas, ko izmanto, lai model\u0113tu un analiz\u0113tu g\u0101zu izple\u0161anos vai saspie\u0161anu bez siltuma apmai\u0146as ar apk\u0101rt\u0113jo vidi, ir b\u016btiskas daudzu sist\u0113mu izpratnei un optimiz\u0101cijai. \u0160eit ir da\u017ei praktisku pielietojumu piem\u0113ri, kur <strong>atgriezenisk\u0101s adiab\u0101tisk\u0101s p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bbas <\/strong>ir b\u016btiskas:   <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Termodinamiskie cikli  <\/h3>\n\n<p>Karno cikls, kas ir teor\u0113tisks siltuma dzin\u0113ju modelis, ietver <strong>atgriezeniskas adiab\u0101tiskas f\u0101zes<\/strong>, lai palielin\u0101tu efektivit\u0101ti. \u0160o ide\u0101lo ciklu veido divi <strong>atgriezeniski adiab\u0101tiski procesi <\/strong>(izple\u0161an\u0101s un saspie\u0161an\u0101s) un divi izotermiski procesi (pie nemain\u012bgas temperat\u016bras). <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kompresori un turb\u012bnas<\/h3>\n\n<p>Kompresoros un g\u0101zturb\u012bn\u0101s g\u0101zes kompresija un izple\u0161an\u0101s bie\u017ei tiek model\u0113ta k\u0101 <strong>atgriezeniski adiab\u0101tiski procesi<\/strong>. Tas palielina efektivit\u0101ti, l\u012bdz minimumam samazinot ener\u0123ijas zudumus siltuma veid\u0101. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ledusskapji un siltums\u016bk\u0146i<\/h3>\n\n<p>Dzes\u0113\u0161anas ciklos un siltums\u016bk\u0146os tiek izmantotas <strong>atgriezeniskas adiab\u0101tiskas p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u012bbas<\/strong> dzes\u0113\u0161anas \u0161\u0137idruma kompresijas un izple\u0161an\u0101s f\u0101z\u0113s. \u0160ie procesi \u013cauj efekt\u012bvi p\u0101rnest siltumener\u0123iju no vienas vietas uz citu, optimiz\u0113jot sist\u0113mas energoefektivit\u0101ti. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">R\u016bpniecisko procesu anal\u012bze<\/h3>\n\n<p>In\u017eenieri izmanto <a href=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/musu-padoms\/rafraichisseur-adiabatique-industriel-guide-complet\/\">adiab\u0101tisko atgriezeniskumu<\/a><strong> <\/strong>analiz\u0113t un projekt\u0113t da\u017e\u0101dus r\u016bpnieciskos procesus, piem\u0113ram, g\u0101zes atdal\u012b\u0161anu un \u0161\u0137idrumu att\u012br\u012b\u0161anu. \u0160os mode\u013cus var izmantot, lai optimiz\u0113tu darb\u012bbu un samazin\u0101tu ener\u0123ijas izmaksas. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Atgriezenisk\u0101 adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 transform\u0101cija ir idealiz\u0113ts termodinamisks process, kam ir galven\u0101 noz\u012bme ener\u0123ijas sist\u0113mu anal\u012bz\u0113. Izsl\u0113dzot jebk\u0101du siltuma p\u0101rnesi ar \u0101rpasauli, \u0161o p\u0101rveidi regul\u0113 tikai termodinamikas likumi un st\u0101vok\u013ca vien\u0101dojumi. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":81223,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Atgriezeniska adiab\u0101tiska transform\u0101cija","_seopress_titles_desc":"Atgriezenisk\u0101 adiab\u0101tisk\u0101 transform\u0101cija ir idealiz\u0113ts termodinamisks process, kam ir galven\u0101 noz\u012bme ener\u0123ijas sist\u0113mu anal\u012bz\u0113.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[132],"tags":[133],"class_list":["post-39879","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-musu-padoms","tag-entete-maza","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50","no-featured-image-padding","resize-featured-image"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39879","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=39879"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39879\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":81417,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/39879\/revisions\/81417"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=39879"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=39879"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=39879"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}