{"id":46285,"date":"2020-11-20T15:54:06","date_gmt":"2020-11-20T13:54:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/non-classifiee\/znecistenie-ovzdusia\/"},"modified":"2025-05-07T10:15:14","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T08:15:14","slug":"la-pollution-de-lair","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/nasa-rada\/la-pollution-de-lair\/","title":{"rendered":"Zne\u010distenie ovzdu\u0161ia"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>WHO odhaduje, \u017ee v roku 2005 zomrelo vo Franc\u00fazsku v d\u00f4sledku zne\u010distenia ovzdu\u0161ia 42 000 a\u017e 48 000 \u013eud\u00ed (na z\u00e1klade \u0161t\u00fadie Eur\u00f3pskej komisie) a \u017ee zne\u010distenie ovzdu\u0161ia sp\u00f4sobuje 11,6 % celosvetovej \u00famrtnosti.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a-de-quoi-parle-t-on\">A. O \u010dom hovor\u00edme?<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-qu-est-ce-qu-une-poussiere\">1. \u010co je to prach?<\/h3>\n\n<p>Prach je pevn\u00e1 \u010dastica s aerodynamick\u00fdm priemerom najviac 100 mikrometrov alebo s r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou p\u00e1du najviac 0,25 metra za sekundu za norm\u00e1lnych teplotn\u00fdch podmienok: \u010dl\u00e1nok R. 4222-3.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-generalite-sur-les-particules-et-mesures\">2. V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o \u010dasticiach a meraniach<\/h3>\n\n<p>Najsk\u00f4r uvedieme nieko\u013eko pojmov o ve\u013ekosti:<br\/>1 \u00b5m (1 mikrometer) = 0,0001 cm<br\/>Priemer vlasu je od 50 do 70 \u00b5m<br\/>V\u00edrus je od 0,01 do 0,4 \u00b5m<br\/>V oblasti filtr\u00e1cie v\u017edy hovor\u00edme o PM&#8230; \u010co to v\u0161ak znamen\u00e1?<br\/>PM sa vz\u0165ahuje na \u010dastice v suspenzii, ktor\u00fdch priemer je men\u0161\u00ed ako uveden\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo. V\u017edy sa vyjadruj\u00fa v \u00b5m. PM 2,5 sa vz\u0165ahuje na \u010dastice s ve\u013ekos\u0165ou najviac 2,5 \u00b5m.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-qu-est-ce-que-la-qualite-de-l-air\">3. \u010co je to kvalita ovzdu\u0161ia?<\/h3>\n\n<p>\u010casto po\u010d\u00favame o kvalite ovzdu\u0161ia a zdravotn\u00fdch rizik\u00e1ch. \u010co je to v\u0161ak kvalita ovzdu\u0161ia a ako m\u00f4\u017ee ovplyvni\u0165 n\u00e1\u0161 ka\u017edodenn\u00fd \u017eivot? <br\/>Kvalita ovzdu\u0161ia sa t\u00fdka mno\u017estva jemn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc PM 10 a koncentr\u00e1cie \u0161kodliv\u00fdch plynov v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Tieto zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00face l\u00e1tky vznikaj\u00fa bu\u010f prirodzene, po\u010das v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch procesov alebo v d\u00f4sledku spa\u013eovania. <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Nov\u00e9 referen\u010dn\u00e9 prahov\u00e9 hodnoty WHO pre Par\u00ed\u017esky regi\u00f3n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>Z \u00fadajov, ktor\u00e9 zozbierala Svetov\u00e1 zdravotn\u00edcka organiz\u00e1cia (WHO), vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee zne\u010distenie ovzdu\u0161ia m\u00e1 \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky na zdravie u\u017e pri ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00e1ch, ako sa doteraz predpokladalo. Aby sa tomuto zisteniu prisp\u00f4sobila, WHO sa rozhodla zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 takmer v\u0161etky svoje referen\u010dn\u00e9 prahov\u00e9 hodnoty. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"773\" src=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/pollution-atmospherique-recommandations-oms-1024x773.jpg\" alt=\"zne&#x10D;istenie ovzdu&#x161;ia kto odpor&#xFA;&#x10D;ania\" class=\"wp-image-7560\" style=\"width:755px;height:570px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/pollution-atmospherique-recommandations-oms-1024x773.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/pollution-atmospherique-recommandations-oms-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/pollution-atmospherique-recommandations-oms-768x580.jpg 768w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/pollution-atmospherique-recommandations-oms.jpg 1386w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161ia zmena medzi referen\u010dn\u00fdmi prahov\u00fdmi hodnotami z rokov 2005 a 2021 sa t\u00fdka oxidu dusi\u010dit\u00e9ho: ro\u010dn\u00fd priemer bol zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd zo 40 \u00b5g\/m3 na 10 \u00b5g\/m3 a bolo stanoven\u00e9 denn\u00e9 odpor\u00fa\u010danie 25 \u00b5g\/m3. Pripome\u0148me, \u017ee oxid dusi\u010dit\u00fd je v regi\u00f3ne \u00cele-de-France emitovan\u00fd najm\u00e4 z cestnej dopravy, pri\u010dom predstavuje 53 % celkov\u00fdch emisi\u00ed oxidu dusi\u010dit\u00e9ho. Treba poznamena\u0165, \u017ee odpor\u00fa\u010dania WHO sa vz\u0165ahuj\u00fa aj na \u010fal\u0161ie dve zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00face l\u00e1tky, oxid uho\u013enat\u00fd (CO) a oxid siri\u010dit\u00fd (SO2), ale obsah CO v t\u00fdchto zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00facich l\u00e1tkach je v par\u00ed\u017eskom regi\u00f3ne ve\u013emi n\u00edzky a obsah SO2 je prakticky nulov\u00fd.  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"605\" height=\"265\" src=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/evolution-moyenne-annuelles-pollution.jpg\" alt=\"priemern&#xE1; ro&#x10D;n&#xE1; zmena zne&#x10D;istenia\" class=\"wp-image-7561\" style=\"width:669px;height:293px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/evolution-moyenne-annuelles-pollution.jpg 605w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/evolution-moyenne-annuelles-pollution-300x131.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 605px) 100vw, 605px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"b-les-differents-types-de-pollution\">B. R\u00f4zne typy zne\u010distenia<\/h2>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-pollution-physique\">1. Fyzick\u00e9 zne\u010distenie<\/h3>\n\n<p>Hoci m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v na\u0161om ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote nepr\u00edjemn\u00fd, nie ka\u017ed\u00fd prach je \u0161kodliv\u00fd. To, \u010do ich rob\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi, je ich fragment\u00e1cia na ve\u013emi jemn\u00e9 \u010dastice. <\/p>\n\n<p>Fyzik\u00e1lne zne\u010distenie je prach, ktor\u00fd, keby bol v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed, nemal by \u017eiadny vplyv na na\u0161e zdravie.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-pollution-biologique\">2. Biologick\u00e9 zne\u010distenie<\/h3>\n\n<p>T\u00fato kateg\u00f3riu zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00facich l\u00e1tok tvoria v\u0161etky organizmy \u017eij\u00face v prachu alebo pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9 vzduchom. Patria sem rozto\u010de, plesne, sp\u00f3ry, v\u00edrusy a bakt\u00e9rie. <\/p>\n\n<p>S\u00fa vysoko alerg\u00e9nne a sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa podr\u00e1\u017edenie hrdla a d\u00fdchac\u00edch ciest.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-pollution-chimique\">3. Chemick\u00e9 zne\u010distenie<\/h3>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"a-composes-organiques-volatiles-cov\">a. Prchav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny (VOC) <\/h4>\n\n<p>LZO zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa \u0161irok\u00fa \u0161k\u00e1lu l\u00e1tok. S\u00fa to chemick\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny vznikaj\u00face najm\u00e4 pri rozklade ropy spa\u013eovan\u00edm, odparovan\u00edm alebo spracovan\u00edm. Nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa sa aj v mnoh\u00fdch profesion\u00e1lnych, priemyseln\u00fdch a dom\u00e1cich v\u00fdrobkoch, ako s\u00fa lepidl\u00e1, \u017eivice, odstra\u0148ova\u010de \u0161kv\u0155n, rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adl\u00e1, farby, insektic\u00eddy at\u010f. S\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou n\u00e1\u0161ho ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho \u017eivota vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch oblastiach.<br\/>Ich vysoko prchav\u00fd charakter znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa m\u00f4\u017eu r\u00fdchlo rozpt\u00fdli\u0165 a kontaminova\u0165 v\u0161etky va\u0161e priestory.  <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"b-benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene-btex\">b. Benz\u00e9n, tolu\u00e9n, etylbenz\u00e9n, xyl\u00e9n (BTEX) <\/h4>\n\n<p>BTEX je naj\u0161kodlivej\u0161ia skupina VOC. Tieto 4 zl\u00fa\u010deniny s\u00fa zn\u00e1me ako karcinog\u00e9nne a endokrinne naru\u0161uj\u00face. Vznikaj\u00fa v\u00fdlu\u010dne pri spa\u013eovan\u00ed, transform\u00e1cii alebo odparovan\u00ed ropy a nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa sa vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch odvetviach v\u00fdroby plastov, petrochemickom priemysle, na \u010derpac\u00edch staniciach, v odmas\u0165ovac\u00edch prostriedkoch, ropn\u00fdch produktoch at\u010f.  <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"c-les-cmr-generalite\">c. CMR vo v\u0161eobecnosti <\/h4>\n\n<p>CMR s\u00fa chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa karcinog\u00e9nne, mutag\u00e9nne alebo toxick\u00e9 pre reprodukciu. S\u00fa naj\u0161kodlivej\u0161ou kateg\u00f3riou zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00facich l\u00e1tok, ale aj najpr\u00edsnej\u0161ie kontrolovanou. <\/p>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"d-le-cas-specifique-des-cmr\">d. \u0160pecifick\u00fd pr\u00edpad CMR <\/h4>\n\n<p><strong>-\u010co je CMR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>Pojem CMR sa vz\u0165ahuje na v\u00fdrobok alebo priemyseln\u00fd v\u00fdrobn\u00fd proces, pri ktorom sa uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa \u010dastice, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa karcinog\u00e9nne, mutag\u00e9nne alebo toxick\u00e9 pre reprodukciu. Od j\u00fana 2015 musia by\u0165 ozna\u010den\u00e9 t\u00fdmto \u0161t\u00edtkom:<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-thumbnail\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" src=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/CMR-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"CMR alebo karcinog&#xE9;nne, mutag&#xE9;nne a reproduk&#x10D;ne toxick&#xE9; logo\" class=\"wp-image-1832\" title=\"CMR a prach\"\/><\/figure>\n\n<p>CMR je \u010dastica, ktor\u00e1 sp\u013a\u0148a jeden z nasleduj\u00facich opisov:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Karcinog\u00e9n: Nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd chemick\u00fd faktor v \u010distom stave (azbest, drevn\u00fd prach, benz\u00e9n at\u010f.) alebo v zmesi \u010di procese, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 rakovinu alebo zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 jej v\u00fdskyt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mutag\u00e9nny alebo genotoxick\u00fd: chemick\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, ktor\u00e1 vyvol\u00e1va zmeny v \u0161trukt\u00fare alebo po\u010dte chromoz\u00f3mov v bunk\u00e1ch. Chromoz\u00f3my s\u00fa \u010dasti bunkov\u00e9ho jadra, ktor\u00e9 nes\u00fa DNA. Mutag\u00e9nny (alebo genotoxick\u00fd) \u00fa\u010dinok je po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdm \u0161t\u00e1diom vzniku rakoviny.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Toxick\u00fd pre reprodukciu alebo reprotoxick\u00fd: chemick\u00fd produkt (napr. olovo), ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee naru\u0161i\u0165 plodnos\u0165 mu\u017eov alebo \u017eien alebo zmeni\u0165 v\u00fdvoj nenaroden\u00e9ho die\u0165a\u0165a (spont\u00e1nny potrat, malform\u00e1cie at\u010f.). (Zdroj INRS: CMR chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>-\u010co s\u00fa produkty CMR?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>Zoznam v\u0161etk\u00fdch produktov klasifikovan\u00fdch CNRS ako CMR k 30. j\u00fanu 2017<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>-Ako zist\u00edm, \u010di pou\u017e\u00edvam produkty CMR?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pod\u013ea ministerskej vyhl\u00e1\u0161ky z 13. j\u00fala 2006 sa ak\u00e1ko\u013evek l\u00e1tka, pr\u00edpravok alebo postup pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v :<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>V\u00fdroba auram\u00ednu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pr\u00e1ca zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00faca expoz\u00edciu polycyklick\u00fdm aromatick\u00fdm uh\u013eovod\u00edkom pr\u00edtomn\u00fdm v sadziach, dechte, smole, uho\u013enom dyme alebo prachu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pr\u00e1ca zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00faca vystavenie prachu, v\u00fdparom alebo hml\u00e1m vznikaj\u00facim pri pra\u017een\u00ed a elektrolytickej rafin\u00e1cii niklov\u00fdch matov<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Procesy so siln\u00fdmi kyselinami pri v\u00fdrobe izopropylalkoholu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pr\u00e1ca zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00faca expoz\u00edciu vdychovate\u013en\u00e9mu drevn\u00e9mu prachu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pr\u00e1ca zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00faca vystavenie formaldehydom<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zamestnanci zodpovedn\u00ed za \u00fadr\u017ebu pracovn\u00e9ho vybavenia kontaminovan\u00e9ho CMR l\u00e1tkami (\u010dl\u00e1nok R. 4412-73)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00dadr\u017ebov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti, pri ktor\u00fdch sa predpoklad\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161enie o\u017eiarenia (\u010dl\u00e1nok R. 4412-75)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"e-les-industries-concernees\">e. Pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 priemyseln\u00e9 odvetvia<\/h4>\n\n<p>INRS zostavuje ne\u00fapln\u00fd, nehierarchick\u00fd zoznam sektorov \u010dinnosti, ktor\u00fdch sa CMR dot\u00fdkaj\u00fa:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>v stavebn\u00edctve,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>v sektore verejn\u00fdch pr\u00e1c,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>v\u00fdstavba \u017eelezn\u00edc,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>stavba lod\u00ed,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metalurgia,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>skl\u00e1rsky priemysel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>kovopriemysel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>chemick\u00fd priemysel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>farmaceutick\u00fd priemysel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ko\u017eiarsky priemysel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>gum\u00e1rensk\u00fd priemysel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ropn\u00fd priemysel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>drev\u00e1rsky priemysel,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>v\u00fdskumn\u00e9 laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>slu\u017eby (\u00fadr\u017eba, upratovanie at\u010f.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>WHO odhaduje, \u017ee v roku 2005 zomrelo vo Franc\u00fazsku v d\u00f4sledku zne\u010distenia ovzdu\u0161ia 42 000 a\u017e 48 000 \u013eud\u00ed (na z\u00e1klade \u0161t\u00fadie Eur\u00f3pskej komisie) a \u017ee toto zne\u010distenie sp\u00f4sobuje 11,6 % celosvetovej \u00famrtnosti. \u010co je to prach, kvalita ovzdu\u0161ia a r\u00f4zne druhy zne\u010distenia ovzdu\u0161ia? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":99054,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Na\u0161e rady: v\u0161etko, \u010do potrebujete vedie\u0165 o zne\u010disten\u00ed ovzdu\u0161ia","_seopress_titles_desc":"WHO odhaduje, \u017ee v roku 2005 zomrelo vo Franc\u00fazsku v d\u00f4sledku zne\u010distenia ovzdu\u0161ia 42 000 a\u017e 48 000 \u013eud\u00ed, \u010do predstavuje 11,6 % celkovej \u00famrtnosti.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[141],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46285","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nasa-rada","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50","no-featured-image-padding","resize-featured-image"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46285","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46285"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46285\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":99344,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46285\/revisions\/99344"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/99054"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46285"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46285"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46285"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}