{"id":82461,"date":"2024-04-09T15:48:29","date_gmt":"2024-04-09T13:48:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/nase-rada\/quels-procedes-ameliorent-qualite-air-eliminant-cov\/"},"modified":"2025-04-15T11:18:12","modified_gmt":"2025-04-15T09:18:12","slug":"quels-procedes-ameliorent-qualite-air-eliminant-cov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/nasa-rada\/quels-procedes-ameliorent-qualite-air-eliminant-cov\/","title":{"rendered":"Ak\u00e9 procesy zlep\u0161uj\u00fa kvalitu ovzdu\u0161ia elimin\u00e1ciou VOC?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Existuj\u00fa dve skupiny <strong>procesov \u00fapravy VOC<\/strong> na extrakciu VOC z okolit\u00e9ho vzduchu:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Procesy obnovy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Cie\u013eom rekupera\u010dn\u00fdch procesov je zachyt\u00e1va\u0165 VOC<\/strong> na op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie. Zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa adsorpciu s desorpciou, absorpciu, kondenz\u00e1ciu a membr\u00e1nov\u00fa separ\u00e1ciu.   <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Proces ni\u010denia  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Destruk\u010dn\u00e9 procesy s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na <strong>oxid\u00e1cii VOC<\/strong> (katalytickej, tepelnej), biologickej \u00faprave, adsorpcii bez desorpcie at\u010f.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Adsorpcia<\/h2>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"774\" height=\"461\" src=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/adsorption.png\" alt=\"Kvapky vody, ktor&#xE9; sa dostan&#xFA; do materi&#xE1;lu a zostan&#xFA; v &#x148;om\" class=\"wp-image-33956\" style=\"width:393px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/adsorption.png 774w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/adsorption-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/obera.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/adsorption-768x457.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p><strong>Molekuly VOC<\/strong> sa via\u017eu na pevn\u00fd materi\u00e1l s ve\u013ek\u00fdm \u0161pecifick\u00fdm povrchom p\u00f4soben\u00edm Van der Waalsov\u00fdch s\u00edl. Existuje cel\u00fd rad adsorp\u010dn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov: akt\u00edvne uhlie, zeolit, silikag\u00e9l, aktivovan\u00fd oxid hlinit\u00fd a \u017eivica. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa pou\u017e\u00edva akt\u00edvne uhlie. M\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd \u0161pecifick\u00fd povrch (800 a\u017e 2 000 m\u00b2\/g) a dod\u00e1va sa vo forme pr\u00e1\u0161ku, z\u0155n alebo tkaniny. Ke\u010f sa akt\u00edvne uhlie nas\u00fdti, <strong>materi\u00e1l sa <\/strong>bu\u010f <strong>vymen\u00ed <\/strong>a spracuje ako odpad (pr\u00e1\u0161ok), alebo sa regeneruje z\u00edskavan\u00edm VOC desorpciou. To zah\u0155\u0148a bu\u010f zn\u00ed\u017eenie celkov\u00e9ho tlaku (v\u00e1kuov\u00e1 desorpcia), alebo<strong>zv\u00fd\u0161enie teploty<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/nasa-rada\/cov-aspiration-vapeurs-solvants\/\">(para<\/a>, vzduch alebo hor\u00face neutr\u00e1lne plyny). VOC sa potom recykluj\u00fa do v\u00fdroby.      <\/p>\n\n<p>Absorpcia alebo \u010distenie plynov je zalo\u017een\u00e9 na kontakte vzduchu obsahuj\u00faceho VOC s kvapaln\u00fdm rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adlom. Rozpustn\u00e9 VOC prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa do kvapaliny. Pre vo vode rozpustn\u00e9 VOC sa pou\u017e\u00edva voda. V pr\u00edpade zle rozpustn\u00fdch VOC<strong>sa voda nahr\u00e1dza silik\u00f3nov\u00fdm olejom<\/strong>. Tieto dve techniky nie s\u00fa \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9, preto\u017ee voda nie je ve\u013emi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 a olej je pomerne drah\u00fd.    <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kondenz\u00e1cia<\/h2>\n\n<p>Ide o premenu plynn\u00fdch VOC na kvapalinu zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm teploty na -40 \u00b0C pri mechanickej kondenz\u00e1cii (pomocou kompresora a v\u00fdmenn\u00edka tepla) a na &#8211; 180 \u00b0C pri kryog\u00e9nnej kondenz\u00e1cii (pomocou kvapaln\u00e9ho dus\u00edka). <strong>Kvapalina sa potom oddel\u00ed od vzduchu<\/strong> na regener\u00e1ciu. T\u00e1to technika sa pou\u017e\u00edva pri zne\u010distenom vzduchu s vysokou koncentr\u00e1ciou prchav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa bod varu najmenej 40 \u00b0C. Kondenz\u00e1cia je vhodn\u00e1 pre zne\u010disten\u00fd vzduch s prietokom menej ako 1 000<sup>m3\/h<\/sup>.   <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Membr\u00e1nov\u00e1 separ\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>Vzduch zne\u010disten\u00fd prchav\u00fdmi organick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami prech\u00e1dza cez <strong>polopriepustn\u00fa membr\u00e1nu, ktor\u00e1<\/strong> pri prechode zadr\u017eiava prchav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky. Prietok upravovan\u00fd membr\u00e1novou separ\u00e1ciou je men\u0161\u00ed ako 100<sup>m3\/h<\/sup>. \u00da\u010dinnos\u0165 separ\u00e1cie z\u00e1vis\u00ed od \u0161trukt\u00fary membr\u00e1ny, jej hrani\u010dnej hodnoty <strong>a prev\u00e1dzkov\u00fdch podmienok filtr\u00e1cie<\/strong>. T\u00e1to technika je n\u00e1kladn\u00e1 a citliv\u00e1 na zmeny prietoku a koncentr\u00e1cie.   <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Tepeln\u00e1 oxid\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>VOC sa musia spa\u013eova\u0165 pri teplote najmenej 750 \u00b0C, aby sa premenili na<sub>CO2<\/sub> a vodu. Koncentr\u00e1cia VOC vy\u0161\u0161ia ako <sup>10 g\/m3<\/sup> je potrebn\u00e1 na vyrovnanie <strong>energetick\u00e9ho<\/strong> pr\u00edkonu <strong>a spa\u013eovacieho tepla<\/strong>. V opa\u010dnom pr\u00edpade sa proces st\u00e1va energeticky ve\u013emi n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm. Ak s\u00fa VOC halog\u00e9novan\u00e9 alebo s\u00edren\u00e9, existuje riziko, \u017ee sa vytvoria toxick\u00e9 ved\u013eaj\u0161ie produkty, ktor\u00e9 si vy\u017eaduj\u00fa \u010fal\u0161ie neutraliza\u010dn\u00e9 spracovanie.   <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Katalytick\u00e1 oxid\u00e1cia<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p>K predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej technike sa prid\u00e1va katalyz\u00e1tor z <strong>drah\u00fdch kovov alebo oxidov kovov<\/strong>. Ten oxiduje prchav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny pri teplot\u00e1ch od 250 \u00b0C do 400 \u00b0C. Cie\u013eom je zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 spotrebu energie spojen\u00fa s oxid\u00e1ciou. Niektor\u00e9 prvky (\u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 kovy, fosfor, <sub>SO2<\/sub>) v\u0161ak prispievaj\u00fa k otrave katalyz\u00e1tora a jeho deaktiv\u00e1cii.     <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mikrobiologick\u00e9 o\u0161etrenia<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>Mikr\u00f3by<\/strong> sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na <strong>aer\u00f3bny rozklad VOC na<sub>CO2<\/sub><\/strong> a vodu. Mikrobi\u00e1lna kult\u00fara je bu\u010f fixovan\u00e1, alebo rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e1 v mobilnej alebo stacion\u00e1rnej kvapalnej f\u00e1ze. Existuj\u00fa biofiltre, bioperkol\u00e1tory a bioskrubery.  <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biofilter<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>Bakt\u00e9rie sa prichytia na organick\u00fa podlo\u017eku <\/strong>(ra\u0161elina, drevo at\u010f.), cez ktor\u00fa prech\u00e1dza pr\u00fad vzduchu zne\u010disten\u00e9ho VOC. Na udr\u017eanie biologickej aktivity sa bakt\u00e9rie ob\u010das postriekaj\u00fa vodou a \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi \u017eivinami. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biopercolator<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>Bakt\u00e9rie sa prichytia na <strong>pevn\u00fa<\/strong> podlo\u017eku, <strong>bu\u010f miner\u00e1lnu, alebo tvoren\u00fa v\u00fdpl\u0148ou<\/strong>. Vytvor\u00ed sa biofilm, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 hrub\u00fd nieko\u013eko milimetrov. Nepretr\u017eit\u00fdm zavla\u017eovan\u00edm sa distribuuje voda a v\u00fd\u017eivn\u00e9 doplnky. T\u00fdm sa okolo biofilmu vytv\u00e1ra tekut\u00fd film, v ktorom sa absorbuje kysl\u00edk a prchav\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 sa potom pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa do biofilmu.   <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biolaveur<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>LZO sa absorbuj\u00fa v rozpra\u0161ovacej um\u00fdvacej ve\u017ei a potom <strong>sa biologicky rozlo\u017eia v aktiva\u010dnej n\u00e1dr\u017ei<\/strong> obsahuj\u00facej suspendovan\u00fa biomasu. Bioskrubery, ktor\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa emulziu olej\/voda, m\u00f4\u017eu spracova\u0165 zl\u00fa\u010deniny, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vo vode m\u00e1lo rozpustn\u00e9 alebo ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa toxick\u00e9 pre mikroorganizmy. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>V\u00fdber lie\u010dby<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n<p>Z\u00e1vis\u00ed to od povahy prchav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ktor\u00e9 sa maj\u00fa upravi\u0165, ich minim\u00e1lnej, <strong>maxim\u00e1lnej a priemernej<\/strong> koncentr\u00e1cie <strong>v zne\u010distenom ovzdu\u0161\u00ed<\/strong> a jeho fyzik\u00e1lnych podmienok (teplota, relat\u00edvna vlhkos\u0165, pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 prachu alebo in\u00fdch zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00facich l\u00e1tok at\u010f.).  <\/p>\n\n<p>V pr\u00edpade procesu, ktor\u00fd emituje jednu alebo dve LZO, ktor\u00e9 sa maj\u00fa spracova\u0165, a ak sa uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee LZO je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 op\u00e4tovne pou\u017ei\u0165, m\u00f4\u017ee sa zvoli\u0165 technika sp\u00e4tn\u00e9ho z\u00edskavania; podmienkou je koncentr\u00e1cia LZO a primeran\u00fd prietok zne\u010disten\u00e9ho vzduchu.  <\/p>\n\n<p>Pri 3 a viac VOC je najlep\u0161ie zvoli\u0165 de\u0161trukt\u00edvnu techniku.<\/p>\n\n<p>Je potrebn\u00e9 poznamena\u0165, \u017ee viac ako 30 % v\u00fdrobcov <a href=\"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/produits\/traitement-cov\/filtre-atex-mobile-mobfan-4500\/\">sa rozhodlo pre \u00fapravu na b\u00e1ze akt\u00edvneho uhlia<\/a>.<strong> <\/strong>umo\u017e\u0148uje \u0161irok\u00fd rozsah prietokov pre de\u0161trukt\u00edvne aj rekupera\u010dn\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 eliminuj\u00fa ob\u0165a\u017eovanie z\u00e1pachom. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Na extrakciu VOC z okolit\u00e9ho ovzdu\u0161ia sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa dve skupiny procesov \u00fapravy VOC:<\/p>\n<p>Procesy obnovy<\/p>\n<p>Cie\u013eom rekupera\u010dn\u00fdch procesov je zachyt\u00e1va\u0165 VOC na op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie. Zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa adsorpciu s desorpciou, absorpciu, kondenz\u00e1ciu, membr\u00e1nov\u00fa separ\u00e1ciu at\u010f. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":81953,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"Ak\u00e9 procesy zlep\u0161uj\u00fa kvalitu ovzdu\u0161ia elimin\u00e1ciou VOC?","_seopress_titles_desc":"Existuj\u00fa dve skupiny procesov spracovania VOC na extrakciu VOC z okolit\u00e9ho ovzdu\u0161ia: procesy regener\u00e1cie a procesy de\u0161trukcie.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[141],"tags":[142],"class_list":["post-82461","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nasa-rada","tag-entete-male-sk","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50","no-featured-image-padding","resize-featured-image"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82461","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=82461"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82461\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":82463,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/82461\/revisions\/82463"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/81953"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=82461"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=82461"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=82461"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}