{"id":46415,"date":"2020-11-20T15:54:06","date_gmt":"2020-11-20T13:54:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/non-classifiee\/ndotja-e-ajrit\/"},"modified":"2025-05-07T10:17:45","modified_gmt":"2025-05-07T08:17:45","slug":"la-pollution-de-lair","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/keshilla-jone-sq\/la-pollution-de-lair\/","title":{"rendered":"Ndotja e ajrit"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

OBSH-ja vler\u00ebson se n\u00eb vitin 2005, midis 42,000 dhe 48,000 njer\u00ebz vdiq\u00ebn si pasoj\u00eb e ndotjes s\u00eb ajrit n\u00eb Franc\u00eb (bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb studim t\u00eb Komisionit Evropian) dhe kjo ndotje p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson 11.6% t\u00eb vdekshm\u00ebris\u00eb globale.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

A. P\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb po flasim?<\/h2>\n\n

1. \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pluhuri?<\/h3>\n\n

Pluhuri \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grimc\u00eb e ngurt\u00eb me nj\u00eb diamet\u00ebr aerodinamik prej m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti 100 mikrometrash ose shpejt\u00ebsia kufizuese e r\u00ebnies s\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs, n\u00eb kushte normale t\u00eb temperatur\u00ebs, \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti e barabart\u00eb me 0.25 metra p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb: Neni R. 4222-3.<\/p>\n\n

2. Informacion i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm mbi grimcat dhe matjet<\/h3>\n\n

Para s\u00eb gjithash, k\u00ebtu jan\u00eb disa koncepte t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb: 1 \u00b5m (1 mikromet\u00ebr) = 0.0001 cm Diametri i nj\u00eb floku \u00ebsht\u00eb midis 50 dhe 70 \u00b5m Nj\u00eb virus \u00ebsht\u00eb midis 0.01 dhe 0.4 \u00b5m N\u00eb fush\u00ebn e filtrimit flasim gjithmon\u00eb p\u00ebr PM\u2026 Por me \u00e7far\u00eb korrespondon ajo? PM i referohet grimcave t\u00eb pezulluara me nj\u00eb diamet\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl se numri i treguar. Ato shprehen gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb \u00b5m. K\u00ebshtu, PM 2.5 p\u00ebrcakton grimcat q\u00eb matin maksimumi 2.5 \u00b5m. <\/p>\n\n

3. \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb cil\u00ebsia e ajrit?<\/h3>\n\n

Shpesh d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb p\u00ebr cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e ajrit dhe rreziqet sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore. Por nga \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet dhe si mund t\u00eb ndikoj\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme? Cil\u00ebsia e ajrit i referohet sasis\u00eb s\u00eb grimcave t\u00eb im\u00ebta PM 10 dhe p\u00ebrqendrimit t\u00eb gazrave t\u00eb d\u00ebmsh\u00ebm n\u00eb aj\u00ebr. K\u00ebta ndot\u00ebs prodhohen ose natyrsh\u00ebm, gjat\u00eb proceseve t\u00eb prodhimit ose p\u00ebrmes djegies. <\/p>\n\n

Pragje t\u00eb reja referuese t\u00eb OBSH-s\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00cele-de-France<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e mbledhura nga Organizata Bot\u00ebrore e Sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb (OBSH) tregojn\u00eb se ndotja e ajrit ka efekte negative n\u00eb sh\u00ebndet n\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrime edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta nga sa njiheshin m\u00eb par\u00eb. P\u00ebr t’iu p\u00ebrshtatur k\u00ebtij v\u00ebzhgimi, OBSH-ja ka vendosur t\u00eb ul\u00eb pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha pragjet e saj t\u00eb referenc\u00ebs. <\/p>\n\n

\"ndotja<\/figure>\n\n

Ndryshimi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm midis pragjeve t\u00eb referenc\u00ebs s\u00eb viteve 2005 dhe 2021 ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me dioksidin e azotit, mesatarja vjetore u ul nga 40 \u00b5g\/m3 n\u00eb 10 \u00b5g\/m3 dhe u vendos nj\u00eb rekomandim ditor prej 25 \u00b5g\/m3. Si kujtes\u00eb, dioksidi i azotit emetohet kryesisht nga trafiku rrugor n\u00eb \u00cele-de-France, duke p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar 53% t\u00eb emetimeve totale t\u00eb oksidit t\u00eb azotit. Vini re se rekomandimet e OBSH-s\u00eb mbulojn\u00eb edhe dy ndot\u00ebs t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, monoksidin e karbonit (CO) dhe dioksidin e squfurit (SO2), por p\u00ebrmbajtja e CO-s\u00eb e k\u00ebtyre ndot\u00ebsve n\u00eb \u00cele-de-France \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e ul\u00ebt dhe p\u00ebrmbajtja e SO2 \u00ebsht\u00eb pothuajse zero. <\/p>\n\n

\"evolucioni<\/figure>\n\n

B. Llojet e ndryshme t\u00eb ndotjes<\/h2>\n\n

1. Ndotja fizike<\/h3>\n\n

Edhe pse mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb nj\u00eb bezdi n\u00eb jet\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme, jo \u00e7do pluhur \u00ebsht\u00eb i d\u00ebmsh\u00ebm. Ajo q\u00eb i b\u00ebn ato t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme \u00ebsht\u00eb cop\u00ebzimi i tyre n\u00eb grimca shum\u00eb t\u00eb im\u00ebta. <\/p>\n\n

Ndotja fizike \u00ebsht\u00eb pluhuri i cili, n\u00ebse do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb i madh, nuk do t\u00eb kishte ndikim n\u00eb sh\u00ebndetin ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n\n

2. Ndotja biologjike<\/h3>\n\n

Kjo kategori ndot\u00ebsish p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb organizmat q\u00eb jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb pluhur ose q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb aj\u00ebr. M\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshmet jan\u00eb marimangat e pluhurit, myku, sporet, viruset dhe bakteret. <\/p>\n\n

K\u00ebto jan\u00eb shum\u00eb alergjene dhe jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr acarimin e fytit dhe t\u00eb traktit respirator.<\/p>\n\n

3. Ndotje kimike<\/h3>\n\n

ka. Komponimet Organike t\u00eb Avullueshme (VOC) <\/h4>\n\n

VOC-t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb nj\u00eb mori substancash. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb komponime kimike q\u00eb vijn\u00eb kryesisht nga degradimi i naft\u00ebs nga djegia, avullimi ose p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb proceseve t\u00eb transformimit t\u00eb saj. Ato gjenden gjithashtu n\u00eb shum\u00eb produkte profesionale, industriale ose sht\u00ebpiake, t\u00eb tilla si ngjit\u00ebs, rr\u00ebshira, heq\u00ebs njollash, tret\u00ebs, boj\u00ebra, insekticide etj. Ato jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e jet\u00ebs son\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha fushat. Natyra e tyre shum\u00eb e paq\u00ebndrueshme u lejon atyre t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahen shpejt dhe t\u00eb kontaminojn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha ambientet tuaja. <\/p>\n\n

b. Benzeni, Tolueni, Etilbenzeni, Ksileni (BTEX) <\/h4>\n\n

BTEX jan\u00eb familja m\u00eb e d\u00ebmshme e VOC-ve. N\u00eb fakt, k\u00ebto kat\u00ebr komponime njihen si kancerogjene dhe prish\u00ebse t\u00eb sistemit endokrin. T\u00eb prodhuara vet\u00ebm nga djegia, transformimi ose avullimi i naft\u00ebs, ato gjenden n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha industrit\u00eb e plastik\u00ebs, industrit\u00eb petrokimike, stacionet e sh\u00ebrbimit, degreaser\u00ebt, produktet e naft\u00ebs, etj. <\/p>\n\n

c. CMR-t\u00eb, p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsia <\/h4>\n\n

CMR-t\u00eb jan\u00eb agjent\u00eb kimik\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb kancerogjen\u00eb, mutagjen\u00eb ose toksik\u00eb p\u00ebr riprodhimin. Ato p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb kategorin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme, por edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb kontrolluar t\u00eb ndot\u00ebsve. <\/p>\n\n

d. Rasti specifik i CMR-ve <\/h4>\n\n

\u2014\u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb CMR?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Termi CMR i referohet nj\u00eb produkti ose procesi industrial t\u00eb prodhimit q\u00eb \u00e7liron grimca kancerogjene, mutagjene ose toksike riprodhuese. Q\u00eb nga qershori i vitit 2015, ato duhet t\u00eb mbajn\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrisht etiket\u00ebn e m\u00ebposhtme:<\/p>\n\n

\"Logoja<\/figure>\n\n

Nj\u00eb grimc\u00eb q\u00eb plot\u00ebson nj\u00eb nga p\u00ebrshkrimet e m\u00ebposhtme quhet CMR:<\/p>\n\n

    \n
  • Kancerogjen: Agjent kimik i rreziksh\u00ebm n\u00eb gjendjen e tij t\u00eb past\u00ebr (azbest, pluhur druri, benzen, etj.) ose n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje ose proces q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shkaktoj\u00eb shfaqjen e kancerit ose t\u00eb rris\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e tij.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Mutagjenik ose gjenotoksik: nj\u00eb kimikat q\u00eb shkakton ndryshime n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn ose numrin e kromozomeve n\u00eb qeliza. Kromozomet jan\u00eb element\u00ebt e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs qelizore q\u00eb mbartin ADN-n\u00eb. Efekti mutagjenik (ose efekti gjenotoksik) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb hap fillestar n\u00eb zhvillimin e kancerit. <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Toksik p\u00ebr riprodhimin ose riprodhotoksik: produkt kimik (plumbi p\u00ebr shembull) i cili mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb pjellorin\u00eb e burrave ose grave, ose t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb zhvillimin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebs s\u00eb palindur (abort spontan, keqformim, etj.). (Burimi INRS: agjent\u00ebt kimik\u00eb CMR) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

    \u2014\u00c7far\u00eb jan\u00eb produktet CMR?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

    Lista e t\u00eb gjitha produkteve t\u00eb klasifikuara si CMR nga CNRS q\u00eb nga 30 qershori 2017<\/p>\n\n

    \u2014A po p\u00ebrdor produkte CMR, si ta di?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

      \n
    • Sipas dekretit ministror t\u00eb 13 korrikut 2006, \u00e7do substanc\u00eb, p\u00ebrgatitje ose proces i p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Prodhimi i auramin\u00ebs<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Puna q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin ekspozimin ndaj hidrokarbureve aromatike policiklike t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb bloz\u00eb, katran, katran, tym ose pluhur qymyri<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Puna q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin ekspozimin ndaj pluhurit, tymit ose mjegull\u00ebs s\u00eb prodhuar gjat\u00eb pjekjes dhe elektrorafinimit t\u00eb mat\u00ebsave t\u00eb nikelit<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Proceset e acidit t\u00eb fort\u00eb n\u00eb prodhimin e alkoolit izopropil<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Puna q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin ekspozimin ndaj pluhurit t\u00eb drurit q\u00eb thithet<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Puna q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin ekspozimin ndaj formaldehidit<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Personeli p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr mir\u00ebmbajtjen e pajisjeve t\u00eb pun\u00ebs t\u00eb ndotura nga agjent\u00ebt CMR (neni R. 4412-73)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • Aktivitetet e mir\u00ebmbajtjes p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb e parashikueshme nj\u00eb rritje e ndjeshme e ekspozimit (neni R. 4412-75)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n

      e. Industrit\u00eb p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse<\/h4>\n\n

      INRS harton nj\u00eb list\u00eb jo t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe jo-hierarkike t\u00eb sektor\u00ebve t\u00eb aktivitetit t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb nga CMR-t\u00eb:<\/p>\n\n

        \n
      • sektorin e nd\u00ebrtimit,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • sektori i pun\u00ebve publike,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • nd\u00ebrtimi i hekurudh\u00ebs,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • nd\u00ebrtimi i anijeve,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • metalurgji,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • industria e qelqit,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • industria e metaleve,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • industria kimike,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • industria farmaceutike,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • industria e l\u00ebkur\u00ebs,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • industria e gom\u00ebs,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • industria e naft\u00ebs,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • industria e drurit,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • bujq\u00ebsi,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • laborator\u00ebt k\u00ebrkimor\u00eb,<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • sh\u00ebrbime (mir\u00ebmbajtje, pastrim, etj.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        OBSH-ja vler\u00ebson se n\u00eb vitin 2005, midis 42,000 dhe 48,000 njer\u00ebz vdiq\u00ebn si pasoj\u00eb e ndotjes s\u00eb ajrit n\u00eb Franc\u00eb (bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb studim t\u00eb Komisionit Evropian) dhe kjo ndotje p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson 11.6% t\u00eb vdekshm\u00ebris\u00eb globale. \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pluhuri, cil\u00ebsia e ajrit dhe llojet e ndryshme t\u00eb ndotjes s\u00eb ajrit? <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":99036,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"none","_seopress_titles_title":"K\u00ebshilla jon\u00eb: gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb dini rreth ndotjes s\u00eb ajrit","_seopress_titles_desc":"OBSH-ja vler\u00ebson se n\u00eb vitin 2005, midis 42,000 dhe 48,000 njer\u00ebz vdiq\u00ebn si pasoj\u00eb e ndotjes s\u00eb ajrit n\u00eb Franc\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar 11.6% t\u00eb vdekshm\u00ebris\u00eb globale.","_seopress_robots_index":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[312],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46415","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-keshilla-jone-sq","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-50","no-featured-image-padding","resize-featured-image"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46415","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=46415"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46415\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":99414,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/46415\/revisions\/99414"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/99036"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=46415"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=46415"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/obera.fr\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=46415"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}